As a pet owner, witnessing your four-legged friend having a seizure can be distressing. However, understanding seizure signs and knowing how to respond can make all the difference in ensuring your pet’s safety and well-being. Our Bush Veterinary Neurology Service team commonly treats seizures in pets, and we provide information about seizures and other essential actions if you suspect your pet is affected.

What is a seizure?

A seizure is a sudden and uncontrolled electrical disturbance in a pet’s brain that can cause changes in behavior, movements, and awareness. Seizures can be categorized into two main types—generalized and focal—based on their clinical presentation and the brain areas involved.

What causes seizures in pets?

Seizures in pets can be caused by a variety of factors that are generally characterized as primary (i.e., idiopathic) or secondary.

Idiopathic epilepsy (i.e., primary seizures) is a hereditary condition with no identifiable underlying cause. Breeds such as Labrador retrievers, golden retrievers, border collies, and Australian shepherds are more prone to the condition; however, any dog can develop epilepsy.

Secondary seizures result from an identifiable underlying condition or factor, including:

Metabolic disorders — Conditions such as hypoglycemia (i.e., low blood sugar), liver disease, and kidney failure can lead to seizures because of imbalances in the body’s chemistry.

Infections — Brain infections, such as meningitis and encephalitis, or severe systemic infections can provoke seizures.

Toxicity — Exposure to toxins, such as certain plants, chemicals, or human medications, can trigger seizures.

Neurologic disorders — Structural brain abnormalities, such as tumors and congenital defects, can lead to seizures.

Head trauma — Any head trauma can disrupt normal brain function and result in seizures.

Electrolyte imbalances — Abnormal electrolyte levels can affect neuronal function, leading to seizures.

How do I know if my pet is having a seizure?

Seizures in pets can manifest in several ways, and recognizing the signs early can help you respond appropriately. Here are some common seizure signs:

Loss of consciousness — Your pet may appear unresponsive or unaware of their surroundings and may collapse or fall during a seizure.

Uncontrolled movements — Seizures often involve jerking or twitching movements, including rapidly shaking the head, limbs, or entire body.

Stiffness — Some pets may exhibit limb or body stiffness with an arched back or rigid posture.

Paddling or running movements — Your pet may make paddling motions with their limbs, as if trying to run, while lying on their side.

Vocalizations — Some pets will vocalize during a seizure, and bark, howl, or whine.

Loss of bladder or bowel control — Some pets may urinate or defecate involuntarily during a seizure.

Confusion or disorientation — After the seizure, your pet may seem confused or disoriented as their brain recovers. This phase can last from a few minutes to several hours, but most pets return to their normal behavior in an hour.

What do I do if my pet has a seizure?

If your pet has a seizure, knowing how to react is critical. Take the following steps:

Remain calm — Your pet can sense your emotions, so try to remain calm and reassuring when they regain consciousness. Keeping a cool head also helps you care for your pet appropriately.

Ensure safety — Create a safe space for your pet. Clear the area to prevent injury, move any nearby objects or obstacles, and move your pet away from stairs and potentially harmful immovable objects.

Time the seizure — Note the seizure’s duration. If the episode lasts longer than five minutes or your pet has multiple seizures in a row, seek emergency veterinary care.

Video the seizure — If possible, have someone video your pet’s seizure, so your veterinarian can witness the episode. Avoid potentially harmful contact during the seizure — Don’t hold your pet down during a seizure, which can lead to injury, and don’t place your hands in or near their mouth. Your pet will not swallow their tongue, and they may inadvertently bite you during the seizure.

Track symptoms — After the seizure, take note of your pet’s unusual behaviors or symptoms. This information can be helpful for your veterinarian.

Contact your veterinarian — Contact your veterinarian to discuss the seizure and for advice on next steps. They may recommend diagnostic tests or a referral to determine the underlying cause.

Recognizing that your pet is experiencing a seizure can be alarming but being informed and prepared can help you respond effectively. By understanding seizure signs and knowing how to act, you can ensure your pet’s safety during the distressing event. With the right care and attention, many pets live happy, healthy lives with a seizure disorder. Contact our Bush Veterinary Neurology Service for pet seizure management and treatment advice.